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email drip campaign guide #666

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@allenzhou101 allenzhou101 commented Dec 20, 2025 •
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adds a guide explaining how email drip campaigns can be implemented via workflow

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.040s (+1.3%) 1.017s (~) 0.977s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.041s (-1.4%) 1.017s (~) 0.976s 10 1.02x
🌐 Starter Next.js (Turbopack) 0.041s (+2.0%) 1.015s (~) 0.974s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Express 0.044s (+2.8%) 1.007s (~) 0.963s 10 1.10x
💻 Local Nitro 0.044s (+8.3% 🔺) 1.007s (~) 0.962s 10 1.10x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 0.062s (-27.0% 🟢) 1.015s (~) 0.953s 10 1.55x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 0.107s (-5.0%) 1.014s (~) 0.907s 10 2.67x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.187s (+15.6% 🔺) 1.020s (~) 0.833s 10 4.65x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.306s (+1.9%) 1.012s (~) 0.706s 10 7.60x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.312s (-11.2% 🟢) 1.013s (~) 0.701s 10 7.77x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 0.512s (-8.1% 🟢) 1.517s (-7.1% 🟢) 1.005s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 0.577s (+4.6%) 1.484s (-12.3% 🟢) 0.906s 10 1.13x
▲ Vercel Nitro 0.628s (+16.8% 🔺) 1.714s (+26.6% 🔺) 1.086s 10 1.23x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Starter 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.087s (~) 2.009s (~) 0.922s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.096s (~) 2.011s (~) 0.915s 10 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.100s (~) 2.012s (~) 0.912s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Express 1.111s (~) 2.007s (~) 0.896s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 1.114s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.892s 10 1.02x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 1.310s (+2.2%) 2.015s (~) 0.705s 10 1.20x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 1.315s (+1.6%) 2.012s (~) 0.697s 10 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.857s (-3.1%) 2.016s (~) 0.160s 10 1.71x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.166s (-1.1%) 3.014s (~) 0.848s 10 1.99x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.171s (+0.7%) 3.013s (~) 0.842s 10 2.00x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.562s (+3.6%) 3.531s (+3.4%) 0.969s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.575s (+6.1% 🔺) 3.503s (-0.6%) 0.928s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.594s (+5.0%) 3.709s (+6.5% 🔺) 1.116s 10 1.01x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Starter 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 10.588s (~) 11.011s (~) 0.423s 5 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.642s (~) 11.016s (~) 0.374s 5 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 10.655s (~) 11.015s (~) 0.360s 5 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 10.782s (~) 11.012s (~) 0.229s 5 1.02x
💻 Local Express 10.794s (~) 11.014s (~) 0.220s 5 1.02x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 12.224s (~) 13.024s (~) 0.801s 5 1.15x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 12.270s (+1.1%) 13.028s (~) 0.759s 5 1.16x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 15.246s (~) 16.036s (~) 0.790s 5 1.44x
🐘 Postgres Express 16.622s (-18.3% 🟢) 17.233s (-18.1% 🟢) 0.611s 5 1.57x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 19.615s (-4.4%) 20.227s (-3.8%) 0.612s 5 1.85x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 21.157s (+2.2%) 22.162s (+2.8%) 1.005s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 21.219s (+3.7%) 22.288s (+5.4% 🔺) 1.070s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 21.346s (+1.0%) 22.199s (+2.0%) 0.852s 5 1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Starter 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.344s (~) 2.008s (~) 0.664s 15 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.352s (-1.5%) 2.010s (~) 0.658s 15 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.384s (~) 2.013s (~) 0.628s 15 1.03x
💻 Local Express 1.406s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.600s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 1.409s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.597s 15 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.778s (-28.7% 🟢) 2.077s (-31.0% 🟢) 0.300s 15 1.32x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.911s (+5.9% 🔺) 2.087s (+3.7%) 0.176s 15 1.42x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.139s (~) 3.017s (~) 0.878s 10 1.59x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 2.217s (~) 3.014s (~) 0.796s 10 1.65x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.404s (-1.8%) 3.010s (~) 0.606s 10 1.79x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.703s (-6.1% 🟢) 3.696s (~) 0.993s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.176s (+13.3% 🔺) 4.102s (+10.0% 🔺) 0.925s 8 1.18x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 7.419s (+171.0% 🔺) 8.295s (+122.6% 🔺) 0.876s 7 2.74x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.028s (-5.5% 🟢) 2.827s (-7.7% 🟢) 0.799s 11 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 2.220s (~) 3.179s (~) 0.959s 10 1.09x
💻 Local Express 2.227s (+1.8%) 3.152s (+3.0%) 0.925s 10 1.10x
🌐 Starter Next.js (Turbopack) 2.477s (+0.8%) 3.009s (~) 0.532s 10 1.22x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.500s (-0.6%) 3.013s (~) 0.513s 10 1.23x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.668s (+1.8%) 3.027s (~) 0.358s 10 1.32x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.747s (-5.5% 🟢) 3.232s (+3.8%) 0.486s 10 1.35x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.949s (+2.0%) 3.344s (+7.5% 🔺) 0.395s 9 1.45x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 4.686s (-1.2%) 5.185s (~) 0.499s 6 2.31x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.716s (~) 5.180s (~) 0.464s 6 2.33x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.317s (-1.2%) 4.001s (~) 0.685s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.474s (+11.1% 🔺) 4.224s (+11.5% 🔺) 0.750s 8 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.476s (-13.2% 🟢) 4.141s (-9.7% 🟢) 0.666s 8 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.347s (-1.5%) 2.011s (~) 0.664s 15 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.388s (-0.9%) 2.012s (~) 0.625s 15 1.03x
🌐 Starter Next.js (Turbopack) 1.389s (+3.7%) 2.008s (~) 0.619s 15 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 1.415s (+0.8%) 2.006s (~) 0.591s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Express 1.417s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.589s 15 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.706s (-17.4% 🟢) 2.009s (-25.2% 🟢) 0.302s 15 1.27x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.759s (+8.0% 🔺) 2.010s (~) 0.251s 15 1.31x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.866s (+11.3% 🔺) 2.012s (~) 0.146s 15 1.39x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.125s (~) 3.013s (~) 0.887s 10 1.58x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 2.234s (~) 3.014s (~) 0.780s 10 1.66x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.678s (+1.1%) 3.723s (+3.9%) 1.045s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.706s (+1.7%) 3.568s (-2.2%) 0.862s 9 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.806s (-3.9%) 3.639s (-5.5% 🟢) 0.832s 9 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.136s (-3.2%) 2.983s (-3.0%) 0.847s 11 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 2.243s (~) 3.181s (-0.6%) 0.938s 10 1.05x
💻 Local Express 2.287s (-0.8%) 3.227s (+0.6%) 0.940s 10 1.07x
🌐 Starter Next.js (Turbopack) 2.456s (~) 3.009s (~) 0.553s 10 1.15x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.475s (-1.1%) 3.012s (~) 0.537s 10 1.16x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.485s (-11.6% 🟢) 3.018s (~) 0.533s 10 1.16x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.589s (-2.9%) 3.018s (~) 0.429s 10 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.599s (-12.9% 🟢) 3.015s (-9.1% 🟢) 0.415s 10 1.22x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.650s (-0.8%) 5.180s (~) 0.531s 6 2.18x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 4.702s (~) 5.184s (~) 0.482s 6 2.20x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.235s (+8.9% 🔺) 3.867s (+4.6%) 0.632s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.331s (+13.6% 🔺) 4.121s (+17.9% 🔺) 0.790s 8 1.03x
▲ Vercel Express 4.364s (+46.0% 🔺) 5.306s (+46.3% 🔺) 0.943s 6 1.35x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Starter 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.129s (+0.6%) 1.006s (~) 0.000s (NaN%) 1.011s (~) 0.883s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.136s (-2.9%) 1.003s (~) 0.016s (~) 1.027s (~) 0.891s 10 1.06x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.142s (-5.5% 🟢) 1.005s (~) 0.000s (NaN%) 1.013s (~) 0.871s 10 1.10x
💻 Local Nitro 0.175s (+1.8%) 0.992s (~) 0.015s (-1.4%) 1.020s (~) 0.845s 10 1.36x
💻 Local Express 0.178s (+1.8%) 0.992s (~) 0.015s (-4.6%) 1.022s (~) 0.844s 10 1.39x
🌐 Turso Next.js (Turbopack) 0.461s (-2.2%) 0.992s (+1.4%) 0.000s (~) 1.014s (~) 0.554s 10 3.58x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 0.511s (+2.1%) 0.939s (-0.7%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.013s (~) 0.502s 10 3.98x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.150s (-1.5%) 1.672s (-5.1% 🟢) 0.000s (NaN%) 1.819s (-5.3% 🟢) 0.669s 10 8.94x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.355s (-42.2% 🟢) 1.684s (-37.6% 🟢) 0.000s (-50.0% 🟢) 2.011s (-33.3% 🟢) 0.656s 10 10.54x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.373s (-42.6% 🟢) 1.724s (-34.9% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.012s (-33.2% 🟢) 0.639s 10 10.68x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.497s (+4.7%) 3.202s (+13.2% 🔺) 0.358s (-30.5% 🟢) 3.963s (+5.8% 🔺) 1.466s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.506s (+6.3% 🔺) 3.150s (+19.5% 🔺) 0.330s (-48.8% 🟢) 3.899s (+5.9% 🔺) 1.394s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.617s (+7.6% 🔺) 3.235s (+14.9% 🔺) 0.368s (-61.3% 🟢) 4.081s (-1.2%) 1.463s 10 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8/8
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 5/8
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4/8
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 💻 Local 8/8
Next.js (Turbopack) 🌐 Starter 4/8
Nitro 💻 Local 8/8
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 286 0 11 297
✅ 💻 Local Development 262 0 8 270
✅ 📦 Local Production 262 0 8 270
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 262 0 8 270
✅ 🪟 Windows 27 0 0 27
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 109 11 0 120
Total 1208 11 35 1254

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (11 failed)

mongodb (1 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow

redis (1 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow

starter (8 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow
  • addTenWorkflow
  • retryAttemptCounterWorkflow
  • crossFileErrorWorkflow - stack traces work across imported modules
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step

turso (1 failed):

  • webhookWorkflow

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 26 0 1
✅ example 26 0 1
✅ express 26 0 1
✅ fastify 26 0 1
✅ hono 26 0 1
✅ nextjs-turbopack 26 0 1
✅ nextjs-webpack 26 0 1
✅ nitro 26 0 1
✅ nuxt 26 0 1
✅ sveltekit 26 0 1
✅ vite 26 0 1
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 26 0 1
✅ express-stable 26 0 1
✅ fastify-stable 26 0 1
✅ hono-stable 26 0 1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 26 0 1
✅ nuxt-stable 26 0 1
✅ sveltekit-stable 26 0 1
✅ vite-stable 26 0 1
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 26 0 1
✅ express-stable 26 0 1
✅ fastify-stable 26 0 1
✅ hono-stable 26 0 1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 26 0 1
✅ nuxt-stable 26 0 1
✅ sveltekit-stable 26 0 1
✅ vite-stable 26 0 1
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 26 0 1
✅ express-stable 26 0 1
✅ fastify-stable 26 0 1
✅ hono-stable 26 0 1
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 27 0 0
✅ nitro-stable 26 0 1
✅ nuxt-stable 26 0 1
✅ sveltekit-stable 26 0 1
✅ vite-stable 26 0 1
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 27 0 0
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 3 0 0
❌ mongodb 26 1 0
✅ redis-dev 3 0 0
❌ redis 26 1 0
✅ starter-dev 3 0 0
❌ starter 19 8 0
✅ turso-dev 3 0 0
❌ turso 26 1 0

📋 View full workflow run

@allenzhou101 allenzhou101 marked this pull request as draft December 20, 2025 16:20
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