diff --git a/.changeset/fix-lane-change-layout.md b/.changeset/fix-lane-change-layout.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3298bb9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/fix-lane-change-layout.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+'@tanstack/virtual-core': patch
+---
+
+Fix: Correct lane assignments when lane count changes dynamically
+
+Fixed a critical bug where changing the number of lanes dynamically would cause layout breakage with incorrect lane assignments. When the lane count changed (e.g., from 3 to 2 columns in a responsive masonry layout), some virtual items would retain their old lane numbers, causing out-of-bounds errors and broken layouts.
+
+**Root Cause**: After clearing measurements cache on lane change, the virtualizer was incorrectly restoring data from `initialMeasurementsCache`, which contained stale lane assignments from the previous lane count.
+
+**Fix**: Skip `initialMeasurementsCache` restoration during lane transitions by checking the `lanesSettling` flag. This ensures all measurements are recalculated with correct lane assignments for the new lane count.
+
+**Before**:
+
+```typescript
+// With lanes = 2
+virtualItems.forEach((item) => {
+  columns[item.lane].push(item) // ❌ Error: item.lane could be 3
+})
+```
+
+**After**:
+
+```typescript
+// With lanes = 2
+virtualItems.forEach((item) => {
+  columns[item.lane].push(item) // ✅ item.lane is always 0 or 1
+})
+```
+
+This fix is essential for responsive masonry layouts where column count changes based on viewport width. No performance impact as it only affects the lane change transition path.
diff --git a/packages/virtual-core/src/index.ts b/packages/virtual-core/src/index.ts
index bd646dec..34c51c5b 100644
--- a/packages/virtual-core/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/virtual-core/src/index.ts
@@ -687,7 +687,9 @@ export class Virtualizer<
         this.pendingMeasuredCacheIndexes = []
       }
 
-      if (this.measurementsCache.length === 0) {
+      // Don't restore from initialMeasurementsCache during lane changes
+      // as it contains stale lane assignments from the previous lane count
+      if (this.measurementsCache.length === 0 && !this.lanesSettling) {
         this.measurementsCache = this.options.initialMeasurementsCache
         this.measurementsCache.forEach((item) => {
           this.itemSizeCache.set(item.key, item.size)
diff --git a/packages/virtual-core/tests/index.test.ts b/packages/virtual-core/tests/index.test.ts
index 12b49ffd..624fb805 100644
--- a/packages/virtual-core/tests/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/virtual-core/tests/index.test.ts
@@ -29,3 +29,94 @@ test('should return correct total size with one item and multiple lanes', () =>
   })
   expect(virtualizer.getTotalSize()).toBe(50)
 })
+
+test('should correctly recalculate lane assignments when lane count changes', () => {
+  // Create a mock scroll element
+  const mockScrollElement = {
+    scrollTop: 0,
+    scrollLeft: 0,
+    offsetWidth: 400,
+    offsetHeight: 600,
+  } as unknown as HTMLDivElement
+
+  // Mock ResizeObserver
+  let resizeCallback: ((entries: any[]) => void) | null = null
+  const mockResizeObserver = vi.fn((callback) => {
+    resizeCallback = callback
+    return {
+      observe: vi.fn(),
+      unobserve: vi.fn(),
+      disconnect: vi.fn(),
+    }
+  })
+  global.ResizeObserver = mockResizeObserver as any
+
+  // Create virtualizer with 3 lanes initially
+  const virtualizer = new Virtualizer({
+    count: 10,
+    lanes: 3,
+    estimateSize: () => 100,
+    getScrollElement: () => mockScrollElement,
+    scrollToFn: vi.fn(),
+    observeElementRect: (instance, cb) => {
+      cb({ width: 400, height: 600 })
+      return () => {}
+    },
+    observeElementOffset: (instance, cb) => {
+      cb(0, false)
+      return () => {}
+    },
+  })
+
+  virtualizer._willUpdate()
+
+  // Get initial measurements with 3 lanes
+  let measurements = virtualizer['getMeasurements']()
+  expect(measurements.length).toBe(10)
+
+  // All lane assignments should be 0, 1, or 2 (3 lanes)
+  measurements.forEach((item) => {
+    expect(item.lane).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(item.lane).toBeLessThan(3)
+  })
+
+  // Change to 2 lanes
+  virtualizer.setOptions({
+    count: 10,
+    lanes: 2,
+    estimateSize: () => 100,
+    getScrollElement: () => mockScrollElement,
+    scrollToFn: vi.fn(),
+    observeElementRect: (instance, cb) => {
+      cb({ width: 400, height: 600 })
+      return () => {}
+    },
+    observeElementOffset: (instance, cb) => {
+      cb(0, false)
+      return () => {}
+    },
+  })
+
+  virtualizer._willUpdate()
+
+  // Get new measurements with 2 lanes
+  measurements = virtualizer['getMeasurements']()
+  expect(measurements.length).toBe(10)
+
+  // All lane assignments should now be 0 or 1 (2 lanes)
+  // This is the bug fix - previously some items could still have lane: 2
+  measurements.forEach((item, index) => {
+    expect(item.lane).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0)
+    expect(item.lane).toBeLessThan(2)
+  })
+
+  // Verify no out of bounds access would occur
+  const lanes = 2
+  const columns = Array.from({ length: lanes }, () => [] as typeof measurements)
+  measurements.forEach((item) => {
+    // This should not throw
+    expect(() => {
+      columns[item.lane].push(item)
+    }).not.toThrow()
+  })
+})